Legal

The Ultimate Guide to Choosing Accurate SpO2 Sensor

The SpO2 sensor is a medical device that utilizes non-invasive infrared technology to measure the oxygen saturation of fingers, toes, ears, etc.

The test result is expressed in numerical form and is essentially the amount of oxygen bound in the blood in the percentage of the total blood volume.

Generally speaking, most people have blood oxygen levels between 95 and 100%, with lower levels in the blood during sleep.

The normal body regulates its own blood oxygen levels. If there is insufficient oxygen in the blood, the body’s ability to breathe is affected, and in some cases, organs may not function properly.

In addition, many people with chronic diseases (e.g., asthma, heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) need to monitor their blood oxygen levels on a long-term basis to ensure that their condition does not deteriorate.

Reusable SpO2 sensor vs. disposable SpO2 sensor

Generally, reusable oximetry probes (SpO2 sensors) are used in ICUs, emergency departments, outpatient clinics, home care, etc.; disposable oximetry probes (SpO2 sensors) are used in anesthesia, operating theatres, and ICUs.

So why are both reusable and disposable oxygen probes (SpO2 sensors) available in the ICU? There are no strict boundaries to this question.

Some hospitals are more focused on infection control or have relatively abundant expenditures on medical consumables.

Typically, they use disposable oxygen probes (SpO2 sensors) for individual patients, which are safer, more hygienic, and avoid cross-contamination.

Of course, some hospitals will apply reusable blood oxygen probes (SpO2 Sensor).

In this case, care should be taken to clean and disinfect them thoroughly after each use to ensure no residual bacteria are left behind to avoid affecting other patients.

Top 5 critical Considerations for SpO2 Sensor selection

1. Physical characteristics

Age, weight, and application site are all major factors affecting the type of SpO2 sensor suitable for the patient. Incorrect sizing or using a sensor not designed for the patient may affect comfort and correct readings.

Determine if the patient falls into one of the following general age groups: neonate, infant, child, or adult. If the patient falls between the two different age groups, the patient’s weight can be used to determine the more appropriate type of sensor to use.

In addition, please determine where the desired application site is; SpO2 sensors are designed to be used on specific parts of the body, such as the fingers, head, toes, feet, ears, and forehead. For example, a finger sensor may be used for an adult patient, while a forehead sensor may be chosen for a neonatal patient.

2. Monitoring duration

From spot checks and short-term monitoring to long-term monitoring, not all sensors are created equal: different medical situations require different needs in terms of monitoring time.

Spot checks

Consider reusable clip-on sensors for immediate application and to reduce waste when spot-checking patient vital signs.

Short-term monitoring

For patient comfort, consider reusable soft sensors when a patient needs to be monitored for longer than a simple spot check.

Long-term monitoring

For long-term monitoring, consider additional comfort, breathability, and ease of re-application through disposable flexible sensor systems.

3. Movement of the patient

When selecting a SpO2 sensor, the amount of patient movement or activity may affect the type of sensor required.

Low activity sensors

The patient is under anesthesia or unconscious.

Limited activity sensors

The patient is likely to be trembling or hypermobile in a hospitalized situation.

General activity sensors

Patients are in situations such as ambulance transport, high mobility in hospitals, or sleep studies.

High activity sensor

Patients are in situations where exertion occurs (e.g., a six-minute walk test).

4. Mitigating cross-contamination

Reusable sensors must be carefully cleaned to limit the risk of cross-contamination.

Always disinfect reusable sensors before and after use. When disinfecting sensors, a 10% bleach solution is generally recommended. Consider using disposable sensors if the potential for cross-contamination is high or if frequent disinfection is required.

5. Use of Certified Sensors

Make sure the SpO2 sensors are certified. Choosing a pulse oximeter that is CE marked and conforms to ISO 80601-2-61, such as Unimed SpO2 sensors.

Unimed: top choice for SpO2 sensors

While pulse oximetry has evolved to be one of the most common medical devices, when selecting the right oximeter, it is still important to be wary of cheap, unproven, non-hospital grade devices that offer a low price in exchange for lack of accuracy and reliability. This article here recommends the Unimed oximeter for the following reasons:

1. A wide range of options

Unimed produces disposable blood oxygen probes (SpO2 Sensor) and reusable blood oxygen probes (SpO2 Sensor) to suit a wide range of people and can cover a wide range of probe types and models.

2. Clean and hygienic

The disposable Unimed blood oxygen probes are manufactured and packaged in clean rooms, reducing the risk of infection and cross-contamination.

3. Good compatibility

Unimed has the most adaptable technology in the industry and is compatible with all major monitoring models, such as Masimo, Datascope, Nellcor, Nihon Kohden, Philips, and more.

4. Quality assurance

The Unimed medical supplies are CE, FDA, Anvisa, and MDSAP approved and comply with ISO 80601-2-61 and ISO 10993series specifications.

5. Cost-effective

Unimed has been a medical device manufacturer for over 20 years, supplying international quality in bulk at local prices.

In summary, oximetry is important in monitoring human health, and there is absolutely no room for sloppiness when choosing the right oximeter. If you are in need of SpO2 sensors, please look to Unimed for professional solutions.

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Legal

Thai Court Amends Law to Allows Wives to Sue Husband’s Lovers

Thailand's Constitutional Court Allows Wives to Sue Husband's Lovers

Angry Thai Wife: File Image

Thailand’s Constitutional Court has changed the Civil Code will allow women to sue their husbands’ lovers, male or female. The Constitutional Court found on Tuesday that Section 1523 of the Civil Code breached Section 27 of the constitution, which safeguards Thais’ rights and liberties regardless of gender.

The court directed that the verdict be enforced within 360 days.

Section 1523 of the Civil Code states that husbands can sue their wives’ lovers, and wives can sue other women who publicly display an adulterous connection with their husband.

Keirov Kritteeranon, secretary-general of the Office of the Ombudsman, stated that the Ombudsman had previously urged the court to rule on the legality of Section 1523, which allowed wives to suit only female lovers.

Husbands can now sue their wives’ boyfriends regardless of gender, and there was no requirement for any public declaration of an adulterous connection, he claimed.

Once enforced, Tuesday’s Constitutional Court order, according to the Ombudsman, will correct this imbalance.

Thailand Amends Marriage Law

Meanwhile, Thailand is set to become the first Southeast Asian country to recognise same-sex marriage, after its marriage equality law was passed in the Upper House on Tuesday and is now on its approach to being promulgated before going into effect in the coming months.

LGBTQ+ advocates rejoiced as the Senate voted 130-4 to pass the bill on its final reading, with 18 abstentions. They hailed the development as a win in their long struggle for equal rights.

When the advocates who had gathered at parliament on Tuesday to witness the Senate’s final reading and vote on the measure heard the outcome, they burst out in cheers.

They next went to authorities House, where the authorities had planned a celebratory reception for them later in the day. They then went to the Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, where the party lasted until late at night.

Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin, who is on sick leave due to Covid-19, congratulated them via Zoom call from Government House.

The new law will allow any two people aged 18 or older to register their marriage and obtain the same advantages and rights as heterosexual couples. The bill refers to married couples as “two individuals” rather than “a man and a woman,” and changes their legal status from “husband and wife” to “spouses.”

LGBTQ+ people from any country can legally marry in Thailand. When the bill goes into force, foreign same-sex married partners will be eligible for a spousal visa.

The law will be sent to the government for approval before being presented to the monarch.

It will take effect within 120 days of its publication in the Royal Gazette, making Thailand the third Asian country to accept same-sex marriages after Nepal and Taiwan.

Senator Kamnoon Sidhisamarn, spokesman for the Senate’s special committee evaluating the proposed law, called it a victory for equal rights campaigners.

“There is no reason for the Upper House to disagree with the judgement made by the House of Representatives,” he told reporters. He was referring to the legislation’s passage in the Lower House prior to its submission to the Senate for approval.

The battle for same-sex marriage legislation began 23 years ago. Tunyawaj Kamolwongwat, a Move Forward Party list-MP, said that the law’s passage on Tuesday signified the beginning of a new chapter in Thai history.

Source: Bangkok Post

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Legal

Thailand’s Senate Passes Landmark Marriage Equity Bill Legalizing Gay Marriage

Thailand’s Senate has approved a long awaited marriage equality bill on Tuesday, making the country the third Asian country to accept same-sex couples. The Senate approved the law 130-4 with 18 abstentions.

The marriage equality bill will be sent the palace for royal clearance. The marriage equality law takes 120 days to take effect after Royal Gazette publication.

LGBTQ+ advocates welcomed the proposal a “monumental step forward” because Thailand would be the first Southeast Asian country to legalise marriage equality. Thailand is popular with travellers due to its LGBTQ+ culture and tolerance.

“This would underscore Thailand’s leadership in the region in promoting human rights and gender equality,” the Civil Society Commission of marriage equality, activists, and LGBTI+ couples said.

Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin, who wore a rainbow shirt to commemorate Pride Month, joined thousands of LGBTQ+ revellers and activists in a Bangkok parade at the start of June.

The prime minister will open Government House to commemorate the bill’s passage. Pride supporters will march from Parliament to the prime minister’s office. Mr. Srettha, who has Covid-19, will join them online after taking several days off.

Deputy Prime Minister and Commerce Minister Phumtham Wechayachai anticipates June’s Pride Month to create approximately 4.5 billion baht in economic cash flow.

Marriage Equity Bill

Pride Month in Thailand

On Saturday, Mr. Phumtham said the government under Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin is encouraging sexual diversity and working with the commercial sector to plan more Pride Month festivities to attract LGBTQ+ tourists.

He claimed it will increase the country’s trade potential by giving SMEs business expansion chances and adding soft power value.

Mr. Phumtham claimed Poonpong Naiyanapakorn, director-general of the Trade Policy and Strategy Office, told him Pride Month celebrations will make Thailand a “pride-friendly destination” for LGBTQ+ Thai and global consumers.

This would help the country become a regional tourism hub under the government’s “Ignite Tourism Thailand” initiative to enhance tourism in 55 “worth visiting” provinces.

He added that such festivals will support downstream industries like event planners, food and beverage companies, hotels, and transport services and disperse cash to local areas. Mr. Phumtham stated Thailand’s Pride Month began in 1999. Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket, and Chon Buri host parades, festivities, and campaigns.

The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) expects approximately 860,000 people to attend this year’s festival and contribute at least 4.5 billion baht for the economy. LGBT Capital estimates that the world’s LGBTQ+ population has US$4.7 trillion in purchasing power and Thailand’s sexually varied population has US$26 billion.

LGBTQ+ rights in Thailand are improving, but there’s still much to do. The LGBTQ+ community in Thailand is notably strong in Bangkok and Pattaya.

Strong legal recognition allows transgender people to change their names and titles. Many LGBTQ+ couples lack legal rights since same-sex marriage is banned.

Marriage Equity Bill

LGBTQ+ rights in Thailand

Thailand is becoming more accepting despite these difficulties. LGBTQ+ rights are gaining favour. Activists want legal changes to guarantee equality.

Pride parades are becoming increasingly visible, demonstrating diverse acceptance. While challenges remain, LGBTQ+ rights in Thailand are improving as awareness and acceptance expand.

Legal

Protecting Your Designs: Intellectual Property Rights in the Jewelry Manufacturing Industry

Intellectual Property jewellery

The jewelry manufacturing industry is a vibrant and highly competitive sector where creativity and innovation are paramount. Designers invest significant time, effort, and resources into crafting unique pieces that appeal to consumers’ tastes and preferences. However, this industry faces a persistent challenge: the protection of original designs from imitation and unauthorized use.

Intellectual property rights (IPR) play a crucial role in safeguarding jewellery designs, ensuring that creators receive recognition and financial benefits from their work. This article delves into the various forms of intellectual property rights pertinent to the jewelry manufacturing industry and offers insights on how designers can protect their creations.

Understanding Intellectual Property Rights

Intellectual property rights are legal mechanisms that grant creators exclusive rights to their inventions, designs, and artistic works. These rights encourage innovation by providing creators with the means to control the use of their creations and to benefit financially from them. In the context of jewelry design, the most relevant forms of IPR are copyrights, trademarks, patents, and design rights.

Copyrights

Copyright protection extends to original works of authorship, including artistic creations such as jewelry designs. Under copyright law, the designer of a piece of jewelry automatically acquires the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, and display the design upon its creation. This protection does not require registration, although registering the copyright with the appropriate governmental body, such as the U.S. Copyright Office, can provide additional legal benefits and evidence of ownership.

For jewelry designers, copyright protects the aesthetic aspects of a piece, such as the specific design, patterns, and artistic expressions. However, it does not cover the functional elements or the materials used. The duration of copyright protection varies by country, but it typically lasts for the life of the creator plus an additional 50 to 70 years.

Trademarks

Trademarks protect symbols, names, logos, and slogans that distinguish goods and services in the marketplace. For jewelry manufacturers, a trademark can cover the brand name, logo, or even a unique product line name.

Registering a trademark with the appropriate authority, such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), provides nationwide protection and the exclusive right to use the mark in connection with the specified goods or services.

A strong trademark helps consumers identify and differentiate a brand’s products from those of competitors, fostering brand loyalty and reducing the risk of confusion in the marketplace. It also provides legal recourse against counterfeiting and unauthorised use of the brand’s identity.

Patents

Patents protect new inventions and technical innovations. In the jewelry industry, this could include innovative manufacturing processes, unique mechanisms for adjustable or interchangeable jewelry, or novel materials and techniques. A patent grants the inventor the exclusive right to use, make, and sell the invention for a limited period, usually 20 years from the filing date of the patent application.

Obtaining a patent involves a rigorous process of proving that the invention is novel, non-obvious, and useful. For jewelry designers, the primary benefit of patent protection lies in safeguarding their innovative techniques and mechanical features, which can provide a competitive edge in the market.

Design Rights

Design rights specifically protect the visual appearance of a product, including its shape, configuration, pattern, and ornamentation. These rights are particularly relevant to the jewelry industry, where the aesthetic appeal of a product is a key selling point. In many jurisdictions, design rights must be registered to be enforceable, though some countries offer unregistered design rights that provide limited protection.

Registering a design right involves submitting detailed representations of the design to the relevant authority, such as the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) for protection within the EU. Registered design rights typically offer protection for up to 25 years, subject to renewal fees.

Steps to Protect Jewelry Designs

Document Your Designs: Maintain detailed records of your design process, including sketches, prototypes, and finished pieces. This documentation can serve as evidence of originality and ownership in case of disputes.
Conduct Searches: Before launching a new design, conduct thorough searches to ensure it does not infringe on existing intellectual property. This can prevent legal issues and costly disputes.
Register Your IP: Where applicable, register your copyrights, trademarks, patents, and design rights with the appropriate authorities. Registration enhances protection and provides legal advantages in enforcing your rights.
Use NDAs and Contracts: When working with manufacturers, suppliers, and collaborators, use non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) and detailed contracts to protect your designs and outline the terms of use. ( Check out EJ: A Jewelry Manufacturer with NDA’s.
Monitor the Market: Regularly monitor the market for potential infringements. This can involve online searches, attending trade shows, and staying informed about competitors’ activities.
Take Legal Action if Necessary: If you discover an infringement, take prompt legal action to enforce your rights. This may involve sending cease-and-desist letters, pursuing litigation, or seeking alternative dispute resolution methods.

Challenges and Considerations

While intellectual property rights offer significant protection, there are challenges and limitations to consider. The cost and complexity of obtaining and enforcing IPR can be prohibitive, especially for small designers and startups. Additionally, the global nature of the jewelry market means that protections obtained in one jurisdiction may not be recognized elsewhere, necessitating international strategies for comprehensive protection.

Moreover, the fast-paced nature of fashion and jewelry trends can make lengthy registration processes impractical for certain designs. In such cases, relying on unregistered design rights or focusing on brand protection through trademarks may be more viable strategies.

Conclusion

Intellectual property rights are a vital tool for protecting the creativity and innovation that drive the jewelry manufacturing industry. By understanding and strategically utilizing copyrights, trademarks, patents, and design rights, designers can safeguard their creations, enhance their competitive edge, and ensure they reap the financial rewards of their ingenuity. As the industry continues to evolve, staying informed about IPR and adapting to emerging challenges will be crucial for sustaining success in the dynamic world of jewelry design.