Learning

How Your Day to Day Medicines Are Composed?

Humanity has been plagued with illness from times immemorial,and we have tried to alleviate our illnesses with medicines for just as long. In the beginning, medicines were composed of plants and animals.

The oldest evidence of drug preparation is 5000 years old found written on a clay slab in Nagpur. There were several ingredients mixed in specific quantities to come up with just the right cure.

Though the same rules apply today, it is now a chemical process. It is a science of precision and takes tremendous patience. Chemicals which are either newly isolated from plants and animals or whose information we already possess are studied and then produced artificially and used to compose our medicines.

Composition of Medicine

A series of raw ingredients are mixed in a specific quantity to be pharmacologically effective against the disease.

Most medicines have two types of ingredients:

Active Substance – Accountable for therapeutic effect on a particular disease or condition.

This active substance is the actual ingredient meant to treat.

Inactive substance – It has no therapeutic effect but is necessary to make the drug stable in specific dosage forms like tablets, capsules, syrup, etc.

This ingredient is called the excipient,and they are pharmacologically inactive.

This process of composition of medicine is called formulation.

Combinatorial Synthesis

While discovering new drugs, molecules of interest have to be synthesized and evaluated.

This used to be a difficult and protracted process.

Combinatorial chemistry is a synthetic chemical method of synthesizing a large number of potential drug molecules in a single process of synthesis.

These compounds are then stored on the compound libraries. These libraries are established by computer software.

The structure and biological activity of each of these molecules can be screened on the library.

Pre-formulation

First, an active substance is chosen from the combinatorial library.

Then its chemical, mechanical and physical properties are studied during a process called pre-formulation.

These properties offer a framework for compatibility with another ingredient in the dose.

The pre-formulation study aims to develop the effective, stable and safe dosage form by establishing a profile of kinetic rate profile and acquiring information on Physio-chemical parameters of new drug substances.

The other properties studied during pre-formulation are solubility, dissolution rate, partition coefficient, polymorphic forms, and stability.

Development Stages

The process of making a new drug is long and painstaking.

It goes through a clinical trial before coming out in the market. Usually, clinical trials take as long as 15 years before the drug is even released to the market.

During phase I clinical trials hand-filled capsules which contain a small amount of the drug,and a diluentis used.

This stage is designed to test the safety, toxicity, dose quantity, and formulation method for the drug.

Drug loading is also an important aspect of this phase. It is the ratio of the active component in the medicine to the total content of the medicine.

By phase III clinical trials, the formulation of the drug has reached a stage close to the composition that will be ultimately used in the market.

This composition of the drug must be stable. Unless the drug is stable, you cannot know what, the dose will be when taken by the patient.

Stability studies are carried out for the testing effect ofhumidity, temperature,oxidation, or photolysis (U.V light or visible light) on the drug, and the composition is also the tested for the formation of degradation products.

Solid Formulations

Orally taken formulations are usually solid formulations.

This composition is the most commonly used medicine by patients.

Tablets

Solid medicinesare given in the form of tablets.

Tablet is in the shape of a disc and is madewith granulated powder compressed by suitable machinery.

The tablet is coated starch like substance, so when it comes in contact with the GI tract, it swells up and dissolves.These substances are called excipients.

There are also binding agents to hold the mixture ofthetablet together.

Tablets can be sugar or film coated.

Metrogyl tablet is composed of active substance metronidazole.

Excipients ethylcellulose, lactose, silica colloidal anhydrous, disodium edetate, magnesium stearate, sodium starch glycollate, guar gum may also be present.

Enteric Coated Tablets

When the tablets are enteric coated they are protected against the acidic contents of the stomach and do not disintegrate.

They do disintegrate in the alkaline medium of the intestine.

Capsuals

Capsules can come in Hard and Soft form.

Hard comprises a solid drug formation,and the soft comprises the drug in liquid or semi-solid form.

Topical Preparations

When a drug is applied to an area directly for treatment, it is called topical application.

This application can be to skin, hair,mouth, vagina, rectum, and entire GI tract during surgeries.

Drops

Isotonic solutions are used in eye and nose drops to prevent reaction, discomfort, and pain on application.

Ear drops are oily solutions so that they stick to the oral cavity.

Creams and Ointments

Skin treatment generally requires ointments and creams.Ointments have a lipid base and Cream an aqueous base

Ointments have a significant absorption into the tissue as they vacuum the skin from the air when applied. Hence drug does not evaporate as much.

Creams, on the other hand,remain on the superficial layer of the skin,andnot much is absorbed.

Metrogyl M ointment is composed of metronidazole and mupirocin,and it can treat certain bacterial and parasitic of the joints, vagina, and respiratory tract.
Metrogyl P skin ointment contains povidone iodine topical and metronidazole topical and can be used to treat rosacea, chronic wounds, post-surgery infections, and abrasions.
Metrogyl P plus ointment has ornidazole and povidone iodine as the active substances,and it destroys amoeba.

Pastes

Pastes are made up of powder and repel water which makes them useful in protecting the skin from humidity and moisture.

Gels and Lotions

They have an alcohol base. Can be applied on surfaces with hair.

It has fast evaporation and very small drug penetration.

Metrogyl Dg gel is composed of chlorhexidine gluconate and metronidazole.

It is used for the treatment of dental infections.

Metrogyl gel is composed of only metronidazole and used for trichomoniasis or bacterial vaginosis treatment which is an infection of the genitals.
Metrogyl gel Plus has active component Ornidazole and can treat acne and genital infections.

Oral Liquid Preparations

Such preparations are easier to swallow than other forms of medicines.

Flavors could be added to make the composition more palatable.

But to avoid drug abuse mostly sorbitol (sugar alcohols) is now added instead of sugar.

It has an added benefit because of its action as an osmotic laxative.

If the drug cannot dissolve in water,then alcohol can be used as a dissolving substance.

Situations where the drug is in solid form,but alcohol is not used for dissolving purpose then the solution is a suspension.

Metrogyl oral suspension is composed of metronidazole in 5ml solution. It should be shaken before use and taken by mouth with a meal.

Vaginal Administration

Suppositories

These are drugs being administered high up the vagina.This will make sure that the drug coats the maximal vaginal surface and thus maximal absorption occurs.

The drug gets absorbed by the vaginal mucosa and directly into the bloodstream.

Such a form is used when a patient is not the conscious and oral administration isn’t possible.

Suppositories can be useful in patients who have trouble swallowing, nausea, to skip first pass metabolism by the liver, and where it is troublesome to find a vein.

Metrogyl V3 suppository has clotrimazole and clindamycin. But clotrimazole is in higher quantity then clindamycin. It can treat bacterial infections of the genitals, lung, digestive system, etc
Metrogyl V7 suppository has clotrimazole and clindamycin in the same quantity. It is used to treat toxoplasmosis, soft tissue infections, bacterial vaginosis.

Injectable Drug Formulation

These drug formulations are either present in a lyophilized form or if stable then in liquid form.

Injectable drug compositions require cold temperatures for storage as they get destroyed at high temperatures.

Method of drug administration that by-passes the GI tract is called parental administration. Drugs can be injected into any body part with the help of needles.

Intradermal administration

The drug is injected into the dermis.

Not used often as absorption is slow and large quantities cannot be given. E.g., Local Anaesthesia

Subcutaneous injection

The drug is injected below the skin and into the fatty area.

Drug absorption is slow and used mainly for drugs that don’t have oral preparations. Insulin.

When adrenaline is added to the injection, it decreases bleeding but slows the absorption.

This happens because adrenaline has receptors on the blood vessels and causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels) by acting on these receptors.

If a drug like a hyaluronidaseis added, it will destroy the tissue collagen,andthe drug absorption will be faster.

Intramuscular Injections

The drug is injected into the muscle.

Muscles have a larger surface area and are also more vascular than dermis or subcutaneous tissue.

This makes the drug absorption faster than either intradermal or subcutaneous injections. Lipid soluble drugs are more easily absorbed as opposed to lipophobic drugs.

Sometimes the drug solution is oil based. Such mixtures are called depot injections and disintegration may take several weeks.

Intravenous Injections

The drug is administered directly into the blood circulation.

This makes it the fastest route of drug administration. This administration avoids the process of absorption and hence very fast action can be achieved.

A metrogyl infusion is an injectable form of metronidazole given intravenously.

Read More About: – 10 Essential Medicines to Carry while Traveling

Learning

First-Time Buyer’s Guide to the UK Property Market

Entering the UK property market as a first-time buyer can feel both exciting and daunting. The process is filled with potential pitfalls and complex decisions, but with the right guidance, it can be navigated smoothly. The estate agents in Yorkshire demystify the journey from the initial decision to buy a home to the moment you step over the threshold of your new property.

Understanding Your Financial Position

The first and perhaps most crucial step in the home-buying process is understanding your financial situation. This includes assessing your savings, income, and current debts. Here’s how you can prepare:

1. Deposit: Generally, you’ll need at least 5% of the property price as a deposit, though aiming for 10% or more can provide better mortgage rates.

2. Income and Expenses: Use a budget planner to assess your monthly income against your expenses. This will help you understand how much you can afford in monthly mortgage repayments.

3. Credit Score: Lenders will evaluate your credit score to determine your mortgage eligibility. So it’s important to have a good credit score, and you should work on it if required.

4. Mortgage Options: Speak to a mortgage advisor to understand different types of mortgages, such as fixed-rate, variable-rate, and help-to-buy schemes.

Getting a Mortgage Agreement in Principle

A Mortgage Agreement in Principle (AIP) is a statement from a lender indicating how much they’ll likely lend you. You will be a more attractive buyer with an AIP as it shows sellers you’re serious and financially prepared.

Deciding What You Want

Before you start viewing properties, it’s essential to know what you’re looking for. Consider the following factors:

1. Location: Proximity to work, schools, public transport, and amenities are key. Research neighbourhoods to find the best fit for your lifestyle.

2. Property Type: Decide whether you want a flat, terraced house, semi-detached, or detached property. Each has its pros and cons.

3. Must-Haves: Make a list of non-negotiables, such as the number of bedrooms, garden size, and parking facilities.

4. Future Proofing: Consider your future needs. Are you planning to start a family? Do you need space for a home office?

Starting the Property Search

With a clear idea of what you’re looking for, you can begin your property search. Here are some tips:

1. Use Online Portals: Websites like Rightmove, Zoopla, and OnTheMarket are excellent starting points. Set up alerts to get notified of new listings that meet your criteria.

2. Visit Estate Agents: Register with local estate agents who can provide insights into the market and inform you of new properties before they’re listed online.

3. Attend Viewings: Don’t rush this part. Visit several properties to get a feel for what’s available in your price range.

Making an Offer

Once you find a property you love, it’s time to make an offer. Here’s how to approach it:

1. Research: Check the selling prices of similar properties in the area to gauge a fair offer.

2. Negotiate: Don’t be afraid to negotiate. The starting point is most usually the asking price.

3. Conditions: You might include conditions in your offer, such as the inclusion of certain fixtures or a specific moving date.

The Legal Process

If your offer is accepted, the legal process begins. You’ll need a solicitor or licensed conveyancer to handle the legalities. Here’s what to expect:

1. Conveyancing: This is the legal transfer of property ownership. Your solicitor will handle this, including conducting searches, dealing with the Land Registry, and transferring the funds.

2. Surveys and Inspections: Arrange for a property survey to check for structural issues. There are different types of surveys, from basic condition reports to full structural surveys.

3. Mortgage Finalisation: Once the survey is complete and satisfactory, your mortgage can be finalised.

4. Exchange of Contracts: This is when the sale becomes legally binding. You’ll pay your deposit at this stage.

5. Completion: On the agreed completion date, the remaining money is transferred, and you receive the keys to your new home.

Moving In

Moving day can be hectic, but planning can ease the stress:

1. Hire a Removal Company: Book a reliable removal company well in advance. Discover the best deals by getting quotes from multiple companies.

2. Pack Strategically: Label your boxes by room and keep essential items accessible.

3. Notify Utilities and Change Address: Inform your utility providers of your move date and update your address with banks, the DVLA, and other important institutions.

Settling In

Get settled. Introduce yourself to the neighbours, familiarise yourself with the local area, and really start to make the place your own.

Here are a few final tips:

1. Safety Checks: Make sure that your smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors are working, and make sure that you know where the gas and electricity meters are located.

2. Maintenance Plan: Keep a record of the smooth functioning of your new home with a maintenance schedule, complete with regular checks and seasonal tasks.

3. Personal Touches: Add personal touches to make the space feel like home. This can be from putting up family photos or redoing the decoration in your rooms.

Conclusion

Buying your very first home in the UK is most definitely a milestone, difficult and full of challenges but rewarding in the end. Such a philosophy guides you in understanding finances and knowing what you want to achieve from detailed research, and seeking professional advice that confidently helps you navigate the property market. Yes, the journey may have its hurdles, but in the end—owning your own home—the reward will be worth the effort. Welcome to your new chapter!

Learning

5 Health Benefits of Regular Pedicures

There’s nothing quite like a pedicure to keep your feet looking and feeling their best, but did you know that pedicures do more than simply enhance the appearance of your feet? Many people don’t realize that regular pedicures can come with a wide range of health benefits that can promote the well-being of your feet, so here are some ways that your routine pedicure keeps both your toenails and feet in the best condition possible!

Smoother Skin

One of the biggest misconceptions about pedicures is that they only cater to and look after your toenails. While you’ll definitely be leaving each session with a fresh coat of nail polish, your pedicure can also do wonders for the health of your skin. Aside from trimming and shaping your nails and cuticles, you’ll notice that your nail technician also dedicates a few steps to the skin of your feet.

After inspecting your feet and looking for any issues or imperfections that may need to be addressed, your technician will work on an exfoliating scrub to remove any dead skin cells. This step may also be aided by a foot file, which can be used to buff away any calluses and other problem areas manually.

Softer Skin

After your nail technician addresses all the problem areas of your feet and removes any unwanted dead skin cells, he or she will often massage in a moisturizing product, such as lotion, cream, or butter, to ensure that your skin is properly moisturized. These products contain skin-loving ingredients that will ensure that your feet have everything they need to look and feel their best so that you can walk out of your pedicure with a renewed sense of confidence.

Healthier Nails

After your pedicure session, your nails will not only look better due to the fresh coat of nail polish, but they’ll also be healthier and stronger. This is because your nail technician takes their time to ensure that your nails are properly looked after through steps that include deep cleaning, nail trimming, nail filing, and cuticle care. All of these things work together to prevent issues like ingrown nails from occurring, all the while improving the appearance of your nails.

Increased Blood Circulation

While the specific steps included in your pedicure will depend on the beauty salon, most pedicures will have a massage step somewhere in the mix. One of the often overlooked benefits of these massages is the increased blood circulation, which can deliver more nutrients and oxygen to your feet and nails, promoting their health and appearance. Aside from that, better blood flow means reduced tension and soreness, as well as better distributed heat throughout your body.

Reduced Infections

A significant amount of dirt and bacteria can build up on your feet without you even realizing it, but pedicures can be a great way to prevent these from happening in the first place. The exfoliation step of a pedicure removes dead skin cells as well as all the debris that may have accumulated underneath, and the deep cleaning of your toenails and cuticles also gets rid of any impurities that may have slipped beneath them, which can stop infections from happening.

These are some of the many health benefits that you can look forward to at your next pedicure appointment. However, it’s worth noting that you need to book regular sessions to truly reap all the rewards. This can be difficult, especially when you don’t feel like driving to your nearest nail salon after a long day, but the good news is that you can enjoy the salon experience in the comfort of your own home with a home pedicure service.

Learning

Commercial Boiler Installation Services London

For businesses in the bustling city of London, having a reliable heating system is crucial. Whether you’re opening a new office, expanding your current premises, or simply upgrading an outdated system, commercial boiler installation services for businesses in London are essential to ensure your operations run smoothly and efficiently. Proper installation and maintenance of commercial boilers can make a significant difference in energy efficiency, cost savings, and the overall comfort of your workspace.

The Importance of Professional Installation

When it comes to installing a commercial boiler, professional expertise is paramount. Here’s why:

Efficiency and Performance: Professional installation ensures that your boiler operates at peak efficiency, reducing energy consumption and lowering utility bills. A well-installed boiler can effectively meet the heating demands of your business without unnecessary energy waste.
Safety: Commercial boilers are complex systems that require precise installation to operate safely. Professional installers adhere to stringent safety standards and regulations, minimizing the risk of accidents and ensuring the safety of your employees and premises.
Compliance with Regulations: Commercial properties are subject to various building codes and regulations. Professional installers are well-versed in these requirements and ensure that your boiler system complies with all local laws and standards.
Longevity and Reliability: Proper installation is critical to the longevity and reliability of your boiler. A professional installation can prevent common issues such as leaks, pressure problems, and system failures, ensuring that your boiler runs smoothly for years to come.

Key Considerations for Commercial Boiler Installation

When planning for a commercial boiler installation, several factors need to be considered:

Type of Boiler: The type of boiler you choose will depend on your business’s specific needs. Options include gas boilers, oil boilers, and electric boilers, each with its own set of advantages. Consulting with a professional can help you determine the best choice for your business.
Sizing and Capacity: The boiler’s size and capacity must match the heating demands of your commercial space. An undersized boiler will struggle to meet your needs, while an oversized one will lead to inefficiencies and higher costs.
Location: The placement of your boiler affects its efficiency and accessibility for maintenance. Professional installers can help you choose the optimal location for your boiler.
Integration with Existing Systems: If you’re upgrading or replacing an existing boiler, it’s essential to ensure compatibility with your current heating system. Professional installers can seamlessly integrate the new boiler with your existing setup.

Choosing the Right Installation Service

Selecting the right installation service provider is crucial to the success of your boiler installation project. Consider the following when making your choice:

Experience and Expertise: Look for a provider with a proven track record in commercial boiler installations. Experienced installers can handle the complexities of commercial systems and provide high-quality workmanship.
Reputation: Check reviews and testimonials from previous clients to gauge the provider’s reliability and customer satisfaction.
Comprehensive Services: Choose a provider that offers a full range of services, including installation, maintenance, and repair. This ensures that all your boiler needs are met by a single, trusted source.

In London, ROWLEN is a reputable name known for delivering top-notch commercial boiler installation services. Their team of experts is dedicated to providing efficient, safe, and compliant installations tailored to the unique needs of businesses.

Conclusion

Investing in professional commercial boiler installation services for businesses in London is essential for ensuring efficiency, safety, and long-term reliability. By choosing an experienced and reputable service provider like ROWLEN, you can rest assured that your heating system will be installed correctly and maintained to the highest standards. Proper installation not only enhances the performance of your boiler but also contributes to the overall comfort and productivity of your business environment.

SEE ALSO: