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Scientists Offer a New Explanation for Long Covid

(CTN News) – After discovering that serotonin levels were lower in persons with the complex ailment, a team of scientists has proposed a new explanation for some cases of extended Covid.
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania published a study in the journal Cell on Monday that suggests that serotonin suppression is driven by the virus’s persistence in the gut.
Memory issues, as well as other neurological and cognitive effects of prolonged COVID-19, may be attributable to low serotonin levels, they suggest.
Why It Matters: New ways to diagnose and treat long Covid.
Important discoveries for a disorder that manifests in various ways and is sometimes undetectable by conventional diagnostic techniques like X-rays have been made in this and other recent research demonstrating different biochemical alterations in the bodies of patients with chronic Covid.
The findings may pave the way for effective treatments, such as serotonin-enhancing drugs. According to the study’s authors, the molecular route they detail may bring together several competing hypotheses on what causes extended Covid, including the virus’s persistence, inflammation, abnormal blood clotting, and autonomic nerve system dysfunction.
According to the study’s co-author and assistant professor of microbiology at Penn’s Perelman School of Medicine, Christoph Thaiss: “All these different hypotheses might be connected through the serotonin pathway.”
Second, “even if not everybody experiences difficulties in the serotonin pathway, at least a subset might respond to therapies that activate this pathway,” he explained.
According to Yale University immunologist Akiko Iwasaki, “this is an excellent study that identifies lower levels of circulating serotonin as a mechanism for long Covid.”
Her group and their colleagues at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai recently published a study that linked elevated cortisol levels to some cases of extended Covid. These investigations may shed light on distinct forms of extended Covid or varying biological signs at various stages of the disease.
The Back Story: A series of disruptions set off by bits of virus in the gut.
After three months and twenty-two months of infection, 58 patients with extended Covid were studied by analyzing their blood.
These findings were compared to those obtained from analyzing the blood of 30 participants who had no symptoms after recovering from Covid and 60 patients in the acute phase of coronavirus infection.
The levels of serotonin and other metabolites are altered immediately following a coronavirus infection, as is the case following other viral infections, according to the study’s principal author and assistant professor of microbiology at the Perelman School of Medicine, Maayan Levy.
However, she noted that serotonin was the only major chemical whose levels did not return to pre-infection levels in persons with chronic Covid.
Some of the long-term Covid patients had virus particles detected in their stool tests. By combining patient data with findings from mouse and human gut model studies, the team was able to identify a potential route behind some cases of prolonged Covid.
The thought is this: Interferons are infection-fighting proteins produced by the immune system in response to viral leftovers. Inflammation triggered by interferons hinders tryptophan absorption, which is necessary for serotonin production in the intestines. Serotonin circulation could be hindered by blood clots that occur during a coronavirus infection.
Researchers found that low serotonin levels disrupted the vagus nerve system, which normally relays information from the body to the brain. Depleted serotonin has been linked to memory impairments and other cognitive issues in persons with extended Covid. Serotonin plays a role in short-term memory.
Specifically, “they showed that one-two-three punch to the serotonin pathway then leads to vagal nerve dysfunction and memory impairment,” Dr. Iwasaki stated.
Exceptions exist. Due to the study’s small sample size, its results need be verified by future studies. Dr. Levy speculated that this would mean that serotonin depletion only occurs in people whose long Covid contains several major symptoms in people who participated in other long Covid studies in which some patients had milder symptoms.
What’s Next: A clinical trial of Prozac.
To better diagnose long Covid, researchers are looking for biomarkers or measurable biological changes. According to Dr. Thaiss, the current study suggests three: low serotonin, high levels of interferons, and the presence of viral leftovers in feces.
Most professionals agree that there will not be a single biomarker for the disorder but rather that multiple signs will emerge, some of which may change depending on the nature of the symptoms.
Several potential therapies for extended Covid are currently being tested in clinical trials. Clinical trials with fluoxetine (Prozac) and tryptophan (an amino acid that the body converts into serotonin) were announced by doctors Levy and Thaiss.
Dr. Levy speculated that “if we supplement serotonin or prevent the degradation of serotonin,” it would be possible to restore some of the vagal signals, so enhancing memory and cognition.
New Scientific Insights
Immune System Dysregulation
Scientists have recently uncovered that Long Covid may be linked to the dysregulation of the immune system. The body’s immune response, which is crucial in fighting off infections, appears to become imbalanced in Long Covid patients, leading to prolonged symptoms.
Lingering Viral Particles
Researchers have also found that viral particles can persist in certain tissues, even after the virus is no longer detectable in the bloodstream. This may trigger an ongoing inflammatory response, contributing to the symptoms of Long Covid.
Microvascular Damage
A further explanation for Long Covid lies in microvascular damage. Some patients show signs of microclots and vascular damage that can disrupt the normal function of vital organs, leading to prolonged health issues.
Brain Inflammation
Long Covid can also impact the brain. In some cases, it’s been associated with brain inflammation, which may contribute to the cognitive issues and brain fog experienced by affected individuals.
Coping Strategies
Supportive Therapies
While scientific understanding of Long Covid is still evolving, various supportive therapies, such as physical therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and symptom-specific treatments, have shown promise in helping patients manage their symptoms.
Patient Advocacy
Patients and advocacy groups have played a crucial role in raising awareness about Long Covid and pushing for further research and medical recognition of this condition.
Conclusion
Long Covid remains a medical enigma, but the latest scientific discoveries are shedding light on its potential causes and mechanisms. It is crucial to continue researching and supporting those affected by this condition as we work towards a better understanding and improved treatment options.

News
Google’s Search Dominance Is Unwinding, But Still Accounting 48% Search Revenue

Google is so closely associated with its key product that its name is a verb that signifies “search.” However, Google’s dominance in that sector is dwindling.
According to eMarketer, Google will lose control of the US search industry for the first time in decades next year.
Google will remain the dominant search player, accounting for 48% of American search advertising revenue. And, remarkably, Google is still increasing its sales in the field, despite being the dominating player in search since the early days of the George W. Bush administration. However, Amazon is growing at a quicker rate.
Google’s Search Dominance Is Unwinding
Amazon will hold over a quarter of US search ad dollars next year, rising to 27% by 2026, while Google will fall even more, according to eMarketer.
The Wall Street Journal was first to report on the forecast.
Lest you think you’ll have to switch to Bing or Yahoo, this isn’t the end of Google or anything really near.
Google is the fourth-most valued public firm in the world. Its market worth is $2.1 trillion, trailing just Apple, Microsoft, and the AI chip darling Nvidia. It also maintains its dominance in other industries, such as display advertisements, where it dominates alongside Facebook’s parent firm Meta, and video ads on YouTube.
To put those “other” firms in context, each is worth more than Delta Air Lines’ total market value. So, yeah, Google is not going anywhere.
Nonetheless, Google faces numerous dangers to its operations, particularly from antitrust regulators.
On Monday, a federal judge in San Francisco ruled that Google must open up its Google Play Store to competitors, dealing a significant blow to the firm in its long-running battle with Fortnite creator Epic Games. Google announced that it would appeal the verdict.
In August, a federal judge ruled that Google has an illegal monopoly on search. That verdict could lead to the dissolution of the company’s search operation. Another antitrust lawsuit filed last month accuses Google of abusing its dominance in the online advertising business.
Meanwhile, European regulators have compelled Google to follow tough new standards, which have resulted in multiple $1 billion-plus fines.

Pixa Bay
Google’s Search Dominance Is Unwinding
On top of that, the marketplace is becoming more difficult on its own.
TikTok, the fastest-growing social network, is expanding into the search market. And Amazon has accomplished something few other digital titans have done to date: it has established a habit.
When you want to buy anything, you usually go to Amazon, not Google. Amazon then buys adverts to push companies’ products to the top of your search results, increasing sales and earning Amazon a greater portion of the revenue. According to eMarketer, it is expected to generate $27.8 billion in search revenue in the United States next year, trailing only Google’s $62.9 billion total.
And then there’s AI, the technology that (supposedly) will change everything.
Why search in stilted language for “kendall jenner why bad bunny breakup” or “police moving violation driver rights no stop sign” when you can just ask OpenAI’s ChatGPT, “What’s going on with Kendall Jenner and Bad Bunny?” in “I need help fighting a moving violation involving a stop sign that wasn’t visible.” Google is working on exactly this technology with its Gemini product, but its success is far from guaranteed, especially with Apple collaborating with OpenAI and other businesses rapidly joining the market.
A Google spokeswoman referred to a blog post from last week in which the company unveiled ads in its AI overviews (the AI-generated text that appears at the top of search results). It’s Google’s way of expressing its ability to profit on a changing marketplace while retaining its business, even as its consumers steadily transition to ask-and-answer AI and away from search.
Google has long used a single catchphrase to defend itself against opponents who claim it is a monopoly abusing its power: competition is only a click away. Until recently, that seemed comically obtuse. Really? We are going to switch to Bing? Or Duck Duck Go? Give me a break.
But today, it feels more like reality.
Google is in no danger of disappearing. However, every highly dominating company faces some type of reckoning over time. GE, a Dow mainstay for more than a century, was broken up last year and is now a shell of its previous dominance. Sears declared bankruptcy in 2022 and is virtually out of business. US Steel, long the foundation of American manufacturing, is attempting to sell itself to a Japanese corporation.
SOURCE | CNN
News
The Supreme Court Turns Down Biden’s Government Appeal in a Texas Emergency Abortion Matter.

(VOR News) – A ruling that prohibits emergency abortions that contravene the Supreme Court law in the state of Texas, which has one of the most stringent abortion restrictions in the country, has been upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States. The United States Supreme Court upheld this decision.
The justices did not provide any specifics regarding the underlying reasons for their decision to uphold an order from a lower court that declared hospitals cannot be legally obligated to administer abortions if doing so would violate the law in the state of Texas.
Institutions are not required to perform abortions, as stipulated in the decree. The common populace did not investigate any opposing viewpoints. The decision was made just weeks before a presidential election that brought abortion to the forefront of the political agenda.
This decision follows the 2022 Supreme Court ruling that ended abortion nationwide.
In response to a request from the administration of Vice President Joe Biden to overturn the lower court’s decision, the justices expressed their disapproval.
The government contends that hospitals are obligated to perform abortions in compliance with federal legislation when the health or life of an expectant patient is in an exceedingly precarious condition.
This is the case in regions where the procedure is prohibited. The difficulty hospitals in Texas and other states are experiencing in determining whether or not routine care could be in violation of stringent state laws that prohibit abortion has resulted in an increase in the number of complaints concerning pregnant women who are experiencing medical distress being turned away from emergency rooms.
The administration cited the Supreme Court’s ruling in a case that bore a striking resemblance to the one that was presented to it in Idaho at the beginning of the year. The justices took a limited decision in that case to allow the continuation of emergency abortions without interruption while a lawsuit was still being heard.
In contrast, Texas has been a vocal proponent of the injunction’s continued enforcement. Texas has argued that its circumstances are distinct from those of Idaho, as the state does have an exemption for situations that pose a significant hazard to the health of an expectant patient.
According to the state, the discrepancy is the result of this exemption. The state of Idaho had a provision that safeguarded a woman’s life when the issue was first broached; however, it did not include protection for her health.
Certified medical practitioners are not obligated to wait until a woman’s life is in imminent peril before they are legally permitted to perform an abortion, as determined by the state supreme court.
The state of Texas highlighted this to the Supreme Court.
Nevertheless, medical professionals have criticized the Texas statute as being perilously ambiguous, and a medical board has declined to provide a list of all the disorders that are eligible for an exception. Furthermore, the statute has been criticized for its hazardous ambiguity.
For an extended period, termination of pregnancies has been a standard procedure in medical treatment for individuals who have been experiencing significant issues. It is implemented in this manner to prevent catastrophic outcomes, such as sepsis, organ failure, and other severe scenarios.
Nevertheless, medical professionals and hospitals in Texas and other states with strict abortion laws have noted that it is uncertain whether or not these terminations could be in violation of abortion prohibitions that include the possibility of a prison sentence. This is the case in regions where abortion prohibitions are exceedingly restrictive.
Following the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, which resulted in restrictions on the rights of women to have abortions in several Republican-ruled states, the Texas case was revisited in 2022.
As per the orders that were disclosed by the administration of Vice President Joe Biden, hospitals are still required to provide abortions in cases that are classified as dire emergency.
As stipulated in a piece of health care legislation, the majority of hospitals are obligated to provide medical assistance to patients who are experiencing medical distress. This is in accordance with the law.
The state of Texas maintained that hospitals should not be obligated to provide abortions throughout the litigation, as doing so would violate the state’s constitutional prohibition on abortions. In its January judgment, the 5th United States Circuit Court of Appeals concurred with the state and acknowledged that the administration had exceeded its authority.
SOURCE: AP
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Could Last-Minute Surprises Derail Kamala Harris’ Campaign? “Nostradamus” Explains the US Poll.
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Supreme Court Rejects Appeal From ‘Pharma Bro’ Martin Shkreli, To repay $6.4 Million

Washington — The Supreme Court rejected Martin Shkreli’s appeal on Monday, after he was branded “Pharma Bro” for raising the price of a lifesaving prescription.
Martin appealed a decision to repay $64.6 million in profits he and his former company earned after monopolizing the pharmaceutical market and dramatically raising its price. His lawyers claimed the money went to his company rather than him personally.
The justices did not explain their reasoning, as is customary, and there were no notable dissents.
Prosecutors, conversely, claimed that the firm had promised to pay $40 million in a settlement and that because Martin orchestrated the plan, he should be held accountable for returning profits.
Supreme Court Rejects Appeal From ‘Pharma Bro’ Martin Shkreli
Martin was also forced to forfeit the Wu-Tang Clan’s unreleased album “Once Upon a Time in Shaolin,” which has been dubbed the world’s rarest musical album. The multiplatinum hip-hop group auctioned off a single copy of the record in 2015, stipulating that it not be used commercially.
Shkreli was convicted of lying to investors and defrauding them of millions of dollars in two unsuccessful hedge funds he managed. Shkreli was the CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals (later Vyera), which hiked the price of Daraprim from $13.50 to $750 per pill after acquiring exclusive rights to the decades-old medicine in 2015. It cures a rare parasite condition that affects pregnant women, cancer patients, and HIV patients.
He defended the choice as an example of capitalism in action, claiming that insurance and other programs ensured that those in need of Daraprim would eventually receive it. However, the move prompted criticism, from the medical community to Congress.
Supreme Court Rejects Appeal From ‘Pharma Bro’ Martin Shkreli
Attorney Thomas Huff said the Supreme Court’s Monday ruling was upsetting, but the high court could still overturn a lower court judgment that allowed the $64 million penalty order even though Shkreli had not personally received the money.
“If and when the Supreme Court does so, Mr. Shkreli will have a strong argument for modifying the order accordingly,” he told reporters.
Shkreli was freed from prison in 2022 after serving most of his seven-year sentence.
SOURCE | AP
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